Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can pose significant health risks when present in water.
This article delves into how arsenic contaminates water and the health implications. We also discuss ways to ensure your water is free from arsenic.
Table of Contents
What is Arsenic?
Arsenic is a heavy metal element that forms a natural component of the earth’s crust. As a result, it is widely distributed throughout the environment. Arsenic is not an essential element for human health.
Arsenic exists in two primary forms:
(1) Organic Arsenic: Formed when arsenic combines with carbon. This form is often found in seafood and is less toxic than the inorganic form.
(2) Inorganic Arsenic: Formed when arsenic combines with metals and elements other than carbon. This form is found in groundwater and is highly toxic, making it the primary concern for water contamination.
Historically, arsenic has been used in stimulants for greyhounds, horses, and occasionally humans. However, even in small doses, arsenic can harm health over time. Based on WHO guidelines, the EU drinking water limit for arsenic is 10 micrograms per litre (µg/L).
Health Risks Associated with Arsenic in Water
Arsenic is one of the most dangerous chemical contaminants in drinking water. Its health effects depend on exposure levels and duration. Acute exposure to water with high arsenic levels can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle cramping and, in extreme cases, death.
Long-term exposure, even at lower levels, can cause:
• Skin Issues: Pigmentation changes, lesions, and thickened patches on palms and soles (hyperkeratosis).
• Cancers: Increased risk of bladder, lung, skin, and liver cancers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies arsenic as a confirmed human carcinogen.
• Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases: Linked to heart disease and reduced lung function.
• Diabetes: A higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
• Cognitive Effects: Exposure during pregnancy or childhood can impair cognitive development, intelligence, and memory.
Due to these links with disease, drinking water with arsenic is very dangerous.
How Does Arsenic Get Into Water?
Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a global issue. While industrial activities contribute to environmental contamination, the main source of arsenic in drinking water is its natural leaching from bedrock into groundwater. Therefore, regions with arsenic-rich bedrock are particularly susceptible. Such areas include Bangladesh, India, and parts of the United States.
Even Ireland has experienced issues with arsenic in drinking water. While arsenic levels are generally low here, areas like Kerry (due to their sandstone geology) can experience elevated levels. In fact, in recent years, the FSAI revealed above-normal levels of arsenic in certain bottled water samples. Testing water is the first step in managing arsenic contamination.
How to Test Water for Arsenic
Public water systems managed by Uisce Eireann take action if high arsenic levels are detected. However, testing your water is the best option if you want to take additional safety steps. On the other hand, if you have a private well, regular testing is essential, especially if initial results show arsenic levels between 5-20 µg/L. Retesting after six months helps ensure long-term accuracy.
Advanced techniques like plasma mass spectrometry provide accurate arsenic measurements. Here at Southern Scientific, we offer an accredited test for €54. This test includes arsenic and other potentially dangerous metals like lead, mercury, and selenium.
How to Filter Arsenic from Drinking Water
If high arsenic levels are detected in drinking water, some common techniques for filtration include:
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Effective for removing a wide range of contaminants, including arsenic.
Ion Exchange Filtration: Targets specific ions like arsenic, replacing them with less harmful ones.
Activated Alumina: Absorbs arsenic effectively, particularly in domestic systems.
Iron Oxide-Based Media: A durable and efficient solution for arsenic removal.
Distillation: A comprehensive method that separates arsenic from water during vaporization.
Each method varies in cost and maintenance requirements. As a result, professional consultation is recommended to select the most suitable system.
Conclusion for Preventing Arsenic Exposure
Arsenic contamination is a preventable health hazard. Reducing arsenic exposure can be achieved through a multi-faceted approach:
Source Substitution: Replace high-arsenic groundwater with low-arsenic sources like treated surface water or rainwater.
Arsenic Removal Systems: Install certified filtration systems, ensuring proper disposal of arsenic waste.
Routine Testing: Regularly test water sources to monitor contamination levels.
By staying informed and taking proactive measures, you can protect yourself and your family from the dangers of arsenic in water.
